Systemic shocks (such as wars, revolutions and economic crises) may motivate a search for new norms.Christina Horne and Stefanie Mollborn have identified two broad categories of arguments for the emergence of norms:

# Consequentialism: norms are created when an individual's behavior has consequences and externalities for other members of the group.
# Relationalism: norms are created because people want to attract positive social reactions. In other words, norms do not necessarily contribute to the collective good.

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