stated that "white" often specifically referred to Protestants of northern European origin and not people of all European origin, and that "Throughout American history, white was often implicitly or explicitly opposed to indian rather than to black."

Immigration waves during the 19th and early 20th centuries further grew the white population, which reached 110,286,740 in 1930. The white population also grew considerably in diversity during that time period, driven by large amounts of immigration from Ireland, Italy, Eastern Europe, and