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This can be avoided by placing padding between the baby's legs to keep the knees slightly bent with the hips angled outward. Some modern cradleboard users contend that the small 1968 study of Navajo babies was intentionally designed to denigrate a traditional cultural practice, although a 2012 study produced hip dysplasia in laboratory rats by subjecting them to similar conditions. More than 90% of mothers surveyed in the southern provinces of the Kyrgyz Republic had used the traditional cradleboard.