of a technology may also be high for its users, regardless of the intrinsic merit of the scientific breakthrough.

The combination of these two barriers to entry produces a strong disincentive effect, which manifests itself primarily in a discouragement of private investment. This situation of "market failure" therefore justifies the mobilization of corrective mechanisms, such as public intervention and its various instruments (grants and public aid, tax incentives, public funding of research, etc.), as well as the intervention of specialized