and Al oxides) modulated by adsorption and desorption processes. It also depends on SOM fractions (e.g., stabilized organic molecules and microbial biomass) by mineralization and immobilization processes. In addition, the intensity of these interactions changes according to soil inherent properties, land use, and crop management.

During the decomposition of organic material, most carbon is lost as CO₂ to the atmosphere by microbial oxidation. Soil type