or V-twin engine, however this arrangement would result in an excessively long wheelbase for flat-twin engines. Solutions to this problem included using a countershaft below the engine (as used by the Douglas Fairy), or a gearbox located above the engine, although in some cases the cylinders were short enough to use the gearbox in the traditional location behind the engine.

In 1916, most flat-twin motorcycles still used a transversely-mounted engine. The European models at this time included the Bradbury