surface heating. Although the shock wave at the nose at supersonic speeds is also curved, the entropy layer is only observed at hypersonic speeds because the magnitude of the curve is far greater at hypersonic speeds.

Propulsion

Controlled detonation

Researchers in China used shock waves in a detonation chamber to compress ionized argon plasma waves moving at Mach 14. The waves were directed into magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generators to

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