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of older companions. His theory primarily attributed infant survival to innate capacities in newborns themselves. As a result, it initially sidelined protective advantages of adult vigilance and caregiving, emphasizing instead toddlers' own efforts to remain close to familiar figures when distressed. This emphasis led him to argue that the crucial factor in infant safety and survival--both in contemporary contexts and during prehuman adaptation--was the acquisition and development of an innate attachment system, which now underpins the panhuman

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