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the 17th century, estimated temperatures were 0.2°C (±0.49°C) lower than the average for the period 1961-1990. Until around 1630 and from 1670 to 1685, extremes of cold and warmth dominated, with warm summers occurring mid-century. After 1675, temperatures fell by an average of 0.6 °C until the turn of the century. Cod, which is sensitive to cold temperatures, disappeared from the waters around the Faroe Islands. The English climatologist and historian Hubert Lamb concluded that cold Arctic water had spread

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