which also models hot air engines.

class=skin-invert-imageFor example :--the pressure-volume mechanical work output from the ideal Stirling cycle (net work out), consisting of 4 thermodynamic processes, is:
:
:
:
:
:For the ideal Stirling cycle, no volume change happens in process 4-1 and 2-3, thus equation (3) simplifies to:
:

Heat pump cycles

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles are the models

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