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(LFP batteries), which are cheaper and last longer than traditional lithium-ion batteries.

Costs of batteries are declining rapidly; from 2010 to 2023 costs fell by 90%. as of 2024, utility-scale systems account for two thirds of added capacity, and home applications (behind-the-meter) for one third. Lithium-ion batteries are highly suited to short-duration storage (<8h) due to cost and degradation associated with high states of charge.

The electric vehicle

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