ideal. Even at the 21st century's turn, popular presentations of scientific discovery and progress naively, erroneously suggested it. The 20th was the first century producing more scientists than philosopherscientists. Earlier scientists, "natural philosophers," pondered and debated their philosophies of method. Einstein remarked, "Science without epistemology is--in so far as it is thinkable at all--primitive and muddled".

Particularly after the 1960s, scientists became unfamiliar with the historical and philosophical underpinnings