their bioavailable forms. Consumers such as zooplankton and fish also excrete ammonium as a waste product and phosphate during metabolic processes. These can be directly taken in by primary producers, making this consumer-driven internal cycling of nutrients another important source of the redistribution of nutrients in freshwater systems.

Ecosystem engineers

The persistent legacy of environmental feedback that is left behind by or as an extension of the ecological actions of organisms is known as niche construction

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