strategies include embedding organic or inorganic PCMs into porous metals, carbon foams, expanded graphite, silica aerogels or polymer networks, which physically confine the liquid phase and prevent leakage during melting. Graphite- and carbon-based composites in particular can increase the effective thermal conductivity by one to two orders of magnitude while maintaining a high latent heat.

Recent studies also explore composites with nano-structured additives such as carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets or metal nanoparticles to