interpreted as one-pointed concentration. Yet, in the stock formula of dhyana samadhi is only mentioned in the second dhyana, to give way to a state of equanimity and mindfulness, in which one keeps access to the senses in a mindful way, avoiding primary responses to the sense-impressions.

The origins of the practice of dhyana are a matter of dispute. According to Crangle, the development of meditative practices in ancient India was a complex interplay between