structural proteins, and ion channels.

Causes

Alcohol exposure

The mother's consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause a continuum of various permanent birth defects: craniofacial abnormalities, brain damage, intellectual disability, heart disease, kidney abnormality, skeletal anomalies, ocular abnormalities. There is no known safe amount of alcohol to consume while pregnant.

The prevalence of children affected is estimated at least 1% in U.S. as well in Canada.

Very few studies have investigated

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