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to metabolize and respond to drugs. Each of the four pharmacokinetic mechanisms (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) is disrupted by age-related physiologic changes. For example, overall decreased hepatic function can interfere with the clearance or metabolism of drugs and reductions in kidney function can affect renal elimination. Pharmacodynamic changes lead to altered sensitivity to drugs in geriatric patients, such as increased pain relief with morphine use. Therefore, geriatric individuals require

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