Bruce Perens, Tim O'Reilly, and Linus Torvalds rebranded the Free software movement as "Open Source." The Open Source Initiative (OSI) was founded in 1998 to promote this new term and emphasize collaborative development benefits over ideology.

Despite initial resistance--such as Microsoft's 2001 claim that "Open-source is an intellectual property destroyer"--FOSS eventually gained widespread acceptance in the corporate world. Companies like Red Hat proved that commercial success and Free software principles could coexist.

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