Medical texts at the time emphasized that each case of disease was unique, the result of a personal imbalance, and the main difficulty of the medical profession was to establish precisely each patient's unique situation, case by case.

The findings from autopsies of deceased women also showed a confusing multitude of physical signs, which emphasized the assumption that puerperal fever was not one, but many different, yet unidentified, diseases.

Also, some historians of science argue that resistance to path-breaking contributions

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