At the hardware level, common abstractions of device drivers include:
* Interfacing directly
* Using a high-level interface, such as a Video BIOS
* Using a lower-level device driver (file system drivers using disk drivers)
* Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different

And at the software level, device driver abstractions include:
* Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources
* Only implementing primitives
* Implementing