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Orange leaves in autumn result from a combination of anthocyanins and carotenoids.

Anthocyanins are present in approximately 10% of tree species in temperate regions, although in certain areas such as New England, up to 70% of tree species may produce anthocyanins.

Colorant safety

Anthocyanins are approved for use as food colorants in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand, having colorant code E163. In

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