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that because the consequent is true, therefore the antecedent is true. It takes on the following form:

:: If P, then Q.
:: Q.
:: Therefore, P.

which may also be phrased as

: (P implies Q)
: (therefore, Q implies P)

For example, it may be true that a broken lamp would cause a room to become dark. It is not true, however, that a dark room implies the presence of a broken lamp. There may be no lamp (or any

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