While the term can technically be applied to the study of behaviour amongst all living organisms, it is nearly always used with reference to humans as the primary target of investigation (though animals may be studied in some instances, e.g. invasive techniques).

History and scope

Behavioural science has its roots in the systematic study of human and animal behaviour, shaped by work in psychology, behavioural neuroscience, and related disciplines. Early experimental psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and John

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