where the query and target documents are of different types. Common applications include:

* Text-to-image retrieval: searching for images using text descriptions
* Image-to-text retrieval: finding relevant text documents or captions using an image query
* Audio-to-video retrieval: locating video content based on audio characteristics
* Video-to-text retrieval: retrieving textual descriptions or documents related to video content

Technical challenges

Cross-modal retrieval presents

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