son of Emir Abdur Rahman, and was born in Samarkand, Uzbekistan to a Pashtun family in 1872.

Reign

Habibullah was a relatively reform-minded ruler who attempted to modernize his country. During his reign he worked to bring modern medicine and other technology to Afghanistan. Many people who were forced into exile by his father were returned to Afghanistan by a general amnesty decreed by Habibullah.

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