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<p>A full kernel controls all hardware resources (e.g. <a href="page.php?w=Input%2Foutput">I/O</a>, memory, cryptography) via <a href="page.php?w=device_driver">device driver</a>s, arbitrates conflicts between processes concerning such resources, and optimizes the use of common resources, such as <a href="page.php?w=Central_processing_unit">CPU</a>, <a href="page.php?w=Cache_%28computing%29">cache</a>, file systems, and network sockets. On most systems, the kernel is one of the first programs loaded on <a href="page.php?w=Booting">startup</a> (after</p><p>
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