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* The Most Serene Republic of Venice (; ), a city-state that existed from 697 to 1797 based in the city of Venice with continuously controlled territory along the eastern Adriatic and Greece at its strongest period. The phrase La Serenissima ("The Most Serene") was also popularly used as a specific reference to the Venetian government or state authorities.
* The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (; ), an independent

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