processes, including development, metabolism, and regulation.

Unlike the small, circular genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, nuclear genes are organized into linear chromosomes and are typically inherited in a Mendelian fashion, following the laws of segregation and independent assortment. In contrast, extranuclear genes often exhibit non-Mendelian inheritance, such as maternal inheritance in mitochondrial DNA.

While the vast majority of eukaryotic genes are nuclear, exceptions exist in certain protists and algae, where

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