retained power in a period known as the Maximato. Calles was so blatantly in control of the government that after an attempt on his life and pressures, Ortiz Rubio resigned the presidency in protest in September 1932, being the last Mexican president to date that has resigned.

Early life and education

He was born in Morelia, Michoacán, the son of a lawyer and landowner, Pascual Ortiz de Ayala y Huerta, and Leonor Rubio

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