in the British museum. The size and permanence of the associated settlement, however, remain unclear, partly because the site was also a camp for the Roman Legion. Records attest that the commander 89 CE was Marcus Hordeonius Flaccus; his nickname ("Castra Ordeonii") has been proposed as an etymon for "Uerdingen".

The earliest reference to a permanent settlement in the Krefeld-Uerdingen area dates to 809: the city charter for Friemersheim describes a nearby