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<p>and their discovery of the <a href="page.php?w=transistor">transistor</a> effect."</p>

<p>Partly as a result of Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s, California's <a href="page.php?w=Silicon_Valley">Silicon Valley</a> became a hotbed of electronics innovation. He recruited brilliant employees, but quickly alienated them with his autocratic and erratic management; they left and founded major companies in the industry.</p>

<p>In his later life, while he was a professor of electrical engineering at</p><p>
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