are typically close to 4 °C throughout the year. The hypolimnion may be much warmer in lakes at warmer latitudes. Being at depth, it is isolated from surface wind-mixing during summer, and usually receives insufficient irradiance (light) for photosynthesis to occur.

Oxygen dynamics

The deepest portions of the hypolimnion often have lower oxygen concentrations than the surface waters (i.e., epilimnion). While

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