of Organizations and was further popularized by Alvin Toffler in his bestselling 1970 book Future Shock. According to Speier et al. (1999), if input exceeds the processing capacity, information overload occurs, which is likely to reduce the quality of the decisions.

In a newer definition, Roetzel (2019) focuses on time and resources aspects. He states that when a decision-maker is given many sets of information, such as complexity, quantity, and contradiction,