of genes in a population. Linkage, on the other hand, tells us whether genes are on the same chromosome in an individual. There is no necessary relationship between the two. Genes that are closely linked may or may not be associated in populations. Looking at parents and offspring, if genes at closely linked loci are present together in the parent, then they will usually be found together in the offspring. But looking at individuals in a population with no known common ancestry, it is much more difficult to see any relationships.

To give