forces or, especially in modern times, anthropogenic factors. General causes of fragmentation include:

* The development of land around a protected area, even through the addition of a single road lane or fence line.
* The captivity, capture or killing of species in an area that links populations.
* The movement of a population away from other individuals of that species, such as the natural introduction of wolves and moose on Isle Royale.
* Geologic processes, such