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on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the material cross section on which it acts.

General shear stress

The formula to calculate average shear stress or force per unit area iswhere is the force applied and is the cross-sectional area.

Other forms

Wall shear stress

Wall shear stress expresses the retarding force (per unit area) from a wall in the layers of a fluid flowing next to the wall. It is defined as:where is the dynamic viscosity,

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