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inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by itself. This unidirectional process can be based on the release of one or more chemical compounds by one organism that negatively affect another, called allelopathy. One example of this is the microbial production of antibiotics that can inhibit or kill other, susceptible microorganisms. Another example is leaf litter from trees such as Pinus ponderosa or Eucalyptus spp.

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