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released in 1985. These were initially supplied with FOCAL on a ROM cartridge, while a BASIC cartridge was an optional add-on. Later models supplied BASIC by default.

Language

The following description is based on FOCAL-69 as seen in the FOCAL-8 language reference manual.

Direct and indirect modes

FOCAL followed the JOSS model for interaction via a command line interface. This allowed users to type in commands in "direct mode",

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