that further cratonization resulted from repeated continental collisions. The thickening of the crust associated with these collisions may have been balanced by craton root thickening according to the principle of isostacy. Jordan likens this model to "kneading" of the cratons, allowing low-density material to move up and higher density to move down, creating stable cratonic roots as deep as .

Molten plume model

A second model suggests that the surface crust was thickened by a rising plume

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