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<p>sum formula states that, for a directed graph,<br/>
: </p>

<p>If for every vertex , , the graph is called a balanced directed graph.</p>

<p><big>Degree sequence</big></p>
<p>The degree sequence of a directed graph is the list of its indegree and outdegree pairs; for the above example we have degree sequence ((2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2), (1, 1)). The degree sequence is a directed graph invariant so isomorphic directed graphs have the same degree sequence. However, the degree sequence does not, in general, uniquely identify a directed graph; in some cases,</p><p>
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