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of the distribution or population, and is the excess kurtosis.

However, one can use other estimators for which are proportional to , and an appropriate choice can always give a lower mean squared error. If we define

then we calculate:

This is minimized when

For a Gaussian distribution, where , this means that the MSE is minimized when dividing the sum by . The minimum excess kurtosis is , which is achieved by a Bernoulli distribution

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