about "Bildwissenschaft" (image studies) are conducted, a.o., by Gottfried Boehm, Hans Belting, and Horst Bredekamp. In the French-speaking world, the visual culture and the visual studies have been recently discussed, a.o., by , André Gunthert, .

Visual culture studies have been increasingly important in religious studies through the work of David Morgan, Sally M. Promey,