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along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a Phoenician presence existed in the Algerian coast, such as Icosium in modern day Algiers and Hippo Regius (modern Annaba). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages. The Carthaginians avoided conquering the strong Berber tribes in the interior. Instead, they collected tribute, focused on trade (especially metals), and maintained friendly relations.

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