the choice depending on tidal range and water depth. They usually consist of large pieces of rock (granite) weighing up to 10-15 tonnes each, or rubble-mound. Their design is influenced by the angle of wave approach and other environmental parameters. Breakwater construction can be either parallel or perpendicular to the coast, depending on the shoreline requirements.

Notable locations

*UK - The Sound, Plymouth; Sea Palling, Norfolk; Elmer,

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