through downstream signalling. Binding of codeine or morphine to the u-opioid receptor results in hyperpolarization of the neuron leading to the inhibition of the release of nociceptive neurotransmitters, causing an analgesic effect and increased pain tolerance due to reduced neuronal excitability.

Pharmacokinetics

The conversion of codeine to morphine occurs in the liver and is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6. CYP3A4

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