whether with pulses, as in the Mormyridae, or with waves, as in the Torpediniformes and Gymnarchus, the African knifefish. Many electric fishes also use EODs for communication, while strongly electric species use them for hunting or defence. Their electric signals are often simple and stereotyped, the same on every occasion.

Electrocommunication

Weakly electric fish can communicate by modulating the electrical waveform they generate. They may use this to

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