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the Book. For instance, Hindus (despite it being monotheist yet pluralistic metamorphic), are generally viewed as mushrikun because their worship involves polytheism and image-veneration, which are considered forms of shirk in Islam, a view historically reflected in the Mughal context. Similarly, Buddhism, particularly its iconographic forms involving the veneration of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, has often been categorized by Muslim authors as idolatrous and grouped with the practices

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