that were well-established before the organization of mineralogy as a discipline, for example galena and diamond.

Biogenic minerals

A topic of contention among geologists and mineralogists has been the IMA's decision to exclude biogenic crystalline substances. For example, Lowenstam (1981) stated that "organisms are capable of forming a diverse array of minerals, some of which cannot be formed inorganically in the biosphere."

Skinner (2005) views all solids

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