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was previously thought to be M. meridionalis but this was due to misinterpretation of tooth wear patterns). Steppe mammoths replaced European Mammuthus meridionalis between 1-0.7 million years ago, in a complex diachronous mosaic pattern, coincident with the arrival of the temperate-adapted straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) to Europe. European populations of M. trogontherii experienced progressive size reduction towards the end of the Middle

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