the chromosome and a loss of genetic information due to the fusion of two chromosome pieces with a centromere. This results in a singular chromosome having two centromeres, due to the fusion of two chromosomal pieces with one centromere each, therefore resulting in the fusion of two centromeres.

Ring chromosomes are chromosomes that form when the ends of the previous chromosomes break off to form a circular structure. This results in a loss of genetic material as well as the potential loss of the chromosomal centromere.

DNA double-strand breaks with translocations

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